When analyzing the structure of the Russian military, the most elite and enigmatic units are often shrouded in mystery for external observers. The question of what Russian special forces are called requires a nuanced answer, as it encompasses a hierarchy of units with distinct roles, spanning from strategic deterrence to covert battlefield operations.
The Strategic Deterrent: VKS Special Forces
The umbrella term for the highest tier of Russian special operations is the Russian Aerospace Forces Special Operations Forces, commonly referred to as the VKS Spetsnaz. This branch falls under the Russian Ministry of Defense and is distinct from the GRU military intelligence directorate’s units. These forces are designed for deep strategic missions, including counter-terrorism, reconnaissance behind enemy lines, and the protection of high-value military assets globally.
Direct Action and Military Intelligence: The GRU Connection
When discussing what Russian special forces are called in a combat context, the GRU (Main Intelligence Directorate) is invariably central. The GRU controls its own dedicated Spetsnaz brigades and battalions, which function as the primary special forces arm of the Russian Ground Forces. Unlike other units, GRU operatives are often considered military personnel first, specializing in direct action, sabotage, and reconnaissance during conventional warfare.
Notable Formations and Designations
Within the GRU structure, specific units carry historical designations that signify their elite status. Units are frequently identified by their military unit number rather than a generic title. Among the most recognized are the 2nd, 3rd, 10th, 14th, and 22nd Spetsnaz Brigades, which have been involved in conflicts ranging to Syria and Ukraine. These formations are trained for airborne assaults, maritime sabotage, and hostage rescue.
The FSB and Internal Security Units
Beyond the Defense Ministry, the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) maintains its own tactical units. These forces are typically tasked with domestic counter-terrorism, border security, and high-risk law enforcement. When referencing what Russian special forces are called in relation to internal threats, terms like "Alpha" or "Vympel" often arise, representing the pinnacle of FSB operational capability.
Modern Doctrine and Contemporary Deployment
In contemporary conflicts, Russian special forces have evolved to emphasize deniability and hybrid warfare. Units frequently operate with proxies or engage in gray-zone activities. The modern VKS and GRU Spetsnaz focus on disrupting command and control networks, securing critical infrastructure, and conducting precision strikes against high-value targets, distinguishing them from conventional infantry.
Training and Selection Rigor
The pathway to joining these units is notoriously arduous. Candidates, whether from airborne troops or contract soldiers, undergo a selection process that tests physical endurance, psychological resilience, and tactical proficiency to an extreme degree. The training pipeline for these forces is classified in its entirety, but it is widely regarded as some of the most intense military instruction in the world, designed to create operators capable of independent action in any environment.
